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Study of Chinese Learners' Pedagogical Choices in Korean CLKs' awareness and ability to make use of relational affordances as well as learner-internal elements, were important. RIs from TS & ZL, for example, cited their relationship with their local professor as a key factor in their decision to stay clear of criticizing a strict professor (see the example 2). This article reviews all local published pragmatic research on Korean until 2020. It focuses on core practical issues, including: Discourse Construction Tests (DCTs) The discourse completion test (DCT) is widely used in the field of pragmatic research. It has many strengths but it also has a few drawbacks. The DCT, for example, is unable to account for cultural and individual differences. Additionally it is also the case that the DCT is susceptible to bias and can lead to overgeneralizations. Therefore, it is important to analyze it carefully before it is used for research or for assessment purposes. Despite its limitations the DCT is a useful tool to investigate the relationship between prosody, information structure and non-native speakers. Its ability in two or more stages to influence the social variables that are related to politeness can be a strength. This feature can be used to study the role of prosody in different cultural contexts. In the field of linguistics, the DCT has become one of the primary tools to analyze learners' communication behaviors. It can be used to investigate numerous issues, like politeness, turn-taking, and the choices made in lexical use. It can be used to determine phonological complexity in learners' speech. Recent research utilized an DCT as a tool to assess the ability to resist of EFL students. Participants were presented with a variety of scenarios to choose from, and then asked to select the most appropriate response. The researchers found that the DCT was more effective than other refusal measures, including a questionnaire and video recordings. The researchers cautioned that the DCT should be used with caution. They also recommended using other methods for data collection. DCTs are usually created with specific linguistic requirements in mind, such as content and form. These criterion are intuitive and are based on the assumptions of the test designers. They may not be precise, and they could incorrectly describe the way in which ELF learners actually resist requests in real-world interaction. This issue calls for more study on alternative methods for testing refusal competence. A recent study compared DCT responses to requests submitted by students via email versus those gathered from an oral DCT. The results showed that DCTs favored more direct and conventionally-indirect request forms and utilized more hints than email data. Metapragmatic Questionnaires (MQs) This study examined Chinese learners' pragmatic decisions regarding their use of Korean by using a range of experimental tools, such as Discourse Completion Tasks (DCTs) Metapragmatic Questionnaires, Refusal Interviews (RIs). Participants were 46 CLKs of upper-intermediate proficiency who gave responses to MQs and DCTs. They were also asked to think about their evaluations and refusal performances in RIs. The results revealed that CLKs often chose to reject native Korean pragmatic norms. Their decisions were influenced primarily by four factors that included their personalities and multilingual identities, their current lives, as well as their relationships. These findings have pedagogical consequences for L2 Korean assessment. First, the MQ data were examined to identify the participants' choices in terms of their pragmatics. The data were classified according to Ishihara's (2010) definition of pragmatic resistance. Then, the responses were matched with their linguistic performance on the DCTs to determine if they reflected pragmatic resistance or not. Interviewees also had to explain the reasons for choosing the pragmatic approach in certain situations. The results of the MQs and DCTs were then analyzed using descriptive statistics and Z-tests. It was discovered that the CLKs frequently resorted to euphemistic responses such as “sorry” and “thank you.” This could be due to their lack of experience with the target language which resulted in an inadequate understanding of korea pragmatic norms. The results showed that the CLKs' preferences for converging to L1 or diverging from both L1 and L2 pragmatic norms varied by the DCT situations. For instance, in Situations 3 and 12 the CLKs favored to diverge from both L1 and L2 pragmatic norms, whereas in Situation 14 they favored a convergence to L1 norms. The RIs further revealed that the CLKs were aware their pragmatic resistance in each DCT situation. RIs were conducted on a one-to-one basis within a period of two days of participants having completed the MQs. The RIs were recorded and transcribed, and then coded by two coders who were independent. The coding process was an iterative process, in which the coders read and discussed each transcript. The coding results were then evaluated against the original RI transcripts, giving an indication of how the RIs accurately portrayed the core behavior. Refusal Interviews The key issue in research on pragmatics is: Why do certain learners decide to not accept native-speaker norms? A recent study sought to answer this question by using a variety of experimental tools, including DCTs MQs, DCTs and RIs. Participants included 46 CLKs and 44 CNSs from five Korean Universities. Participants were asked to complete the DCTs and MQs either in their L1 or L2 levels. They were then invited to an RI, where they were asked to reflect and discuss their responses to each DCT situation. The results showed that CLKs on average, did not adhere to the pragmatic norms of native speakers in more than 40 percent of their responses. They did this despite the fact that they were able to create patterns that resembled natives. They were also aware of their pragmatism resistance. They attributed their actions to learner-internal factors like their identities, personalities and multilingual identities as well as ongoing life histories. They also mentioned external factors such as relational benefits. They outlined, for instance how their relations with their professors enabled them to perform more comfortably in terms of the cultural and linguistic norms at their university. The interviewees expressed concern about the social pressures and penalties they could be subject to in the event that their local social norms were violated. They were worried that their native interactants might consider them “foreigners” and believe they are incompetent. This is similar to the concerns expressed by Brown (2013) and Ishihara (2009). These findings suggest that native speakers pragmatic norms aren't the preferred norm for Korean learners. They could remain useful as a model for official Korean proficiency tests. But it would be prudent for future researchers to revisit their relevance in specific scenarios and in different cultural contexts. 프라그마틱 불법 will help them better comprehend how different environments could affect the practical behavior of learners in the classroom and beyond. Furthermore it will assist educators to create more effective methods for teaching and testing the korea's pragmatics. Seukhoon Paul Choi is principal advisor to Stratways Group, a geopolitical risk consulting firm based in Seoul. Case Studies The case study method is an investigative technique that uses participant-centered, in-depth investigations to investigate a particular subject. It is a method that uses multiple data sources to support the findings, including interviews and observations, documents, and artifacts. This type of investigation can be used to examine complicated or unique subjects that are difficult for other methods of measuring. In a case study the first step is to define the subject and the objectives of the study. This will help determine which aspects of the subject matter are crucial to study and which could be left out. It is also beneficial to read the literature on to the subject to gain a greater understanding of the topic and place the case study within a larger theoretical context. This case study was built on an open-source platform, the KMMLU Leaderboard [50] along with its Korean-specific benchmarks HyperCLOVA X, and LDCC Solar (figure 1 below). The results of the study revealed that the L2 Korean students were extremely vulnerable to native models. They were more likely to pick incorrect answers which were literal interpretations. This was a deviance from a precise pragmatic inference. They also exhibited an inclination to add their own text, or “garbage,” to their responses, further reducing their response quality. The participants in this study were all L2 Korean students who had achieved level four on the Test of Proficiency in Korean TOPIK in their third or second year of university and were hoping to reach level six by their next attempt. They were asked to respond to questions about their WTC/SPCC as well as comprehension and pragmatic awareness. The interviewees were presented with two situations, each involving an imagined interaction with their interactants and asked to choose one of the following strategies when making a request. They were then asked to explain the reasoning behind their choice. Most of the participants attributed their pragmatic resistance to their personality. TS, for example said she was difficult to talk to and was hesitant to inquire about the health of her co-worker when they had a heavy work load, even though she thought native Koreans would.